A poultice is a soft, moist mass that is spread on cloth and applied to the skin to treat various ailments such as insect bites, arthritis, and infections. It is made by mashing herbs, plants, or other substances with warm oil into a paste. Common types include onion, potato, mustard, and comfrey poultices. Poultices are also used to remove stains from stones by using a porous material filled with a solvent like ammonia or alcohol. They are a common treatment for horses to relieve inflammation.
This document describes three methods for preparing suppositories: molding, compression, and hand rolling and shaping. Molding involves melting the base, adding any medication, pouring the melt into molds, allowing it to cool and harden, and removing the formed suppositories. Compression uses a machine to compress a mixture of base and ingredients into shaped suppositories. Hand rolling is the oldest method and involves mixing medication into a base, rolling it into rods by hand, cutting the rods, and shaping the pieces. Each method has advantages like simplicity or avoiding heating, and disadvantages like possible air entrapment or requiring special skills.
This document provides information about various lipids (fats and oils) obtained from plants and animals. It discusses the basic chemistry of lipids, describing them as esters of fatty acids and alcohols. Specific lipids are then outlined, including their source, composition, properties, and some uses. Key lipids discussed include olive oil, coconut oil, castor oil, linseed oil, peanut oil, chaulmoogra oil, and beeswax.
Ointments, creams, gels, pastes, plasters, and glycerogelatins are different topical semisolid dosage forms. Ointments are semisolids for application to the skin or mucous membranes and can be medicated or unmedicated. Creams are emulsions that can be water-in-oil or oil-in-water. Gels are dispersions of molecules in an aqueous liquid made jelly-like with a gelling agent. Pastes are stiffer than ointments and contain more solids. Plasters are adhesive solid or semisolid masses spread on a backing. Glycerogelatins contain gelatin, glycerin, water,
This document provides information about semisolid dosage forms such as ointments, pastes, and jellies. It defines semisolids as topical dosage forms used for therapeutic, protective, or cosmetic purposes. The key ingredients in semisolids include a base, preservatives, humectants, antioxidants, emulsifiers, gelling agents, permeation enhancers, and buffers. The document discusses the ideal properties of bases and lists common bases such as petrolatum, lanolin, and polyethylene glycol. It also covers the advantages and disadvantages of semisolid dosage forms.
Ointments, creams, and lotions are topical semi-solid preparations used to apply active ingredients to the skin. Ointments have a high oil and low water content which allows them to occlude the skin and promote absorption of active ingredients. Creams have a higher water content and are more easily absorbed and spreadable. Lotions have the lowest oil and highest water content, making them lightweight and non-greasy. Ointments are best for dry skin conditions while creams and lotions are better for larger areas or weeping lesions due to being less occlusive and greasy.
This document defines creams and their types, describes their ideal properties and formulation methods. It discusses advantages and disadvantages of creams for drug delivery. Specifically, it outlines the two main types of creams – oil-in-water and water-in-oil. It also describes different cream formulations like cleansing creams, cold creams, vanishing/foundation creams, and all-purpose/sports creams. Evaluation methods for creams are provided at the end.
This document discusses topical agents, including their definitions, classifications, and examples. It can be summarized as: Topical agents are chemicals applied to the skin or mucous membranes for localized effects. They are classified as protectives, which isolate surfaces from stimuli, or antimicrobials/astringents. Common protectives include talc and calamine, which protect irritated skin. Antimicrobials like iodine and hydrogen peroxide kill microbes through oxidation or protein precipitation. Astringents like alum constrict tissues and coagulate proteins on surfaces.
Pastes, plasters, and glycerogelatins are semisolid preparations for application to the skin. Pastes contain a high proportion of solids, making them stiff so they remain in place and absorb secretions. Plasters are adhesive masses spread on backing that provide prolonged contact or protection at the application site. Glycerogelatins are plastic masses containing gelatin, glycerin, and medication that are applied while melted and harden on the skin. Examples provided are Lassar’s zinc paste and salicylic acid plasters for corns. Preparation methods include mixing or melting components.
This document provides information on various types of cosmetics including their definitions, classifications, formulations, and key ingredients. It begins by defining cosmetics and their classification according to use, function, and physical nature. Examples of specific cosmetic products are then described such as lipsticks, shampoos, cold creams, toothpastes, hair dyes, and sunscreens. Ideal properties and sample formulations are also provided for some of these cosmetic types. The document concludes by listing references used.
The document discusses various types of cosmetics, their definitions, uses, and formulations. It defines cosmetics as items intended to be applied to the body to cleanse, beautify, or alter appearance. Cosmetics are classified according to their use (e.g. skin, nails), function (therapeutic, protective), and physical nature (aerosols, creams, sticks). Example formulations are provided for common cosmetics like face powder, cold cream, cleansing cream, vanishing cream, foundation cream, and mascara. The document also discusses ingredients and preparation methods for these cosmetic products.
This document defines ointments as semi-solid preparations for application to the skin. It discusses the types of ointments including medicated and non-medicated. It describes the ideal properties of ointments and different bases used to make them, including oleaginous, absorption, water-removable, and water-soluble bases. Methods for preparing ointments by incorporation and fusion are also outlined.
Pharmaceutical aerosols are therapeutic active ingredients packaged in a pressurized system. They have advantages like direct delivery to affected areas without contamination. Aerosols consist of a propellant, container, valve, and product concentrate. Common propellants include hydrocarbons and gases. Containers must withstand high pressure and are often metal or glass. Valves meter doses and come in types like spray or foam. Formulations contain an active ingredient and propellant to achieve desired properties. Quality is ensured through testing of components, dosage, leakage and other parameters.
The document discusses fibres, including their definition, classification, and key types. Fibres are hair-like materials that can be obtained from animal, vegetable, or mineral sources and made into nonwoven fabrics. They are classified based on their source as natural fibres including vegetable, animal and mineral fibres, or as man-made fibres such as regenerated fibres and synthetic fibres. The document focuses on cotton and rayon/viscose as examples of important natural and regenerated fibres respectively.
This document summarizes information about shampoos, including their introduction, requirements, classifications, types, mechanisms, compositions, formulations, evaluations, containers, specific examples, and references. Shampoos are preparations that use surfactants to remove dirt, grease, and debris from hair without harming the scalp. They are generally classified based on their base as soap-based or detergent-based shampoos. Common types include liquid, powder, lotion, cream, and aerosol shampoos. Shampoos are formulated with surfactants, conditioning agents, thickeners, preservatives, and other components to cleanse and condition hair while meeting various evaluation criteria.
This document provides an overview of liquid oral dosage forms, including definitions, types, formulations and evaluation methods. The three main types discussed are suspensions, emulsions, and solutions. Suspensions are biphasic systems with solid particles dispersed in a liquid. Emulsions are dispersions of one immiscible liquid in another. Solutions are homogeneous liquid systems with one or more substances dissolved. Key aspects of each type including advantages, disadvantages, ideal properties, stability, and preparation methods are summarized.
This document discusses pharmaceutical creams. It defines what a cream is and describes the anatomy of skin. It outlines different types of creams including cleansing, vanishing, foundation, night, massage, hand, body, and all-purpose creams. It discusses the components and manufacturing processes of creams and provides examples of formulations. Finally, it covers the uses of creams and some novel advances in cream technology.
Hard and soft gelatin capsules are two types of capsules used for drug delivery. Hard capsules contain dry ingredients and disintegrate quickly once swallowed. They are made by dipping pins in gelatin solutions to form two-piece shells. Soft capsules contain liquids or semi-solids and have plasticized gelatin shells that are manufactured using plate, rotary die, or reciprocating processes. Both types of capsules are evaluated for stability, content uniformity, and disintegration time.
This document provides information about syrups, including their definition, types, components, preparation methods, and packaging. A syrup is defined as a concentrated aqueous preparation of sugar or sugar substitute, which may contain flavorings or medicinal substances. The main types are simple syrups containing only sugar and water, and medicated syrups which also contain therapeutic agents. Syrups are prepared primarily by dissolving ingredients with heat or agitation and commonly contain preservatives for stability. Their packaging involves filling bottles, sealing, labeling, and other processes to ensure safety and extended shelf life.
The document discusses childbirth as a metaphor for spiritual fruitfulness and persevering in faith. It notes that giving birth involves struggle but is followed by joy at new life. Similarly, living for God involves suffering but results in eternal reward. The key aspects are preparing through alignment with God, positioning for his purposes, persevering through challenges with motivation from understanding one’s purpose and God’s grace, and producing spiritual fruit. The ultimate joy is Jesus, who sustains believers and is the reward of their labors.
This document is a project report for establishing a small-scale paper cup manufacturing business. It includes details of the proposed location, production process, market potential, financial projections, and means of financing. The key points are: – The business will be located in Junagadh, Gujarat for access to raw materials, labor, transportation and markets. – Paper cups will be produced using an automatic forming machine in a process that cuts, seals, and finishes paper into cups. – The market for paper cups is growing due to increased hygiene awareness. An estimated 15,000 cups per day can be sold to businesses and institutions. – Total capital investment is Rs. 32 lakhs to
The document appears to be a mixed up quiz containing questions about various topics such as business, geography, history and personalities. It includes the following questions with answers: 1. Who is the current head of the Tata Group? Cyrus Mistry. 2. Where are Volkswagen’s headquarters located? Wolfsburg, Germany. 3. On which island did Napoleon Bonaparte die in 1821? Saint Helena. 4. Which country’s parliament runs entirely on solar power? Pakistan. 5. In which city is the FIFA World Football Museum located? Zurich, Switzerland. The quiz also includes questions about Amrit Kaur as India’s first health minister, identifying
Seminar report on Flexible Electronics by Sourabh KumarSourabh Kumar
www.androroot.com Seminar report on Flexible Electronics by Sourabh Kumar Flexible electronics is a new trend in electronics industry to handle the increasing burden on chips. It is a technology for assembling electronic circuits by mounting electronic devices on flexible plastic substrate. This technology is increasingly being used in a number of applications which benefit from their light weight, favourable dielectric properties, robust, high circuit density and conformable nature. Flexible circuits can be rolled away when not required. To replace glass, plastic substrate must offer properties like clarity, dimensional stability, low coefficient of thermal expansion, elasticity etc. Recent advances in organic and inorganic based electronics proceeds on flexible substrate, offer substantial rewards in terms of being able to develop displays that are thinner , lighter and can be rolled when not in use. This paper will discuss about the properties, preparation methods, applications and challenges in this rapidly growing industry. Keywords : Electronics, Flexible, Circuits, Silicon, Substrates
The disciples ask Jesus three questions: 1) When will the destruction of the temple occur, 2) What will be the sign of his coming, and 3) What will be the sign of the end of the age. Jesus provides signs that must take place first, including wars, famines, earthquakes, false prophets, and persecution of believers. He describes the abomination of desolation standing in the holy place, and the great tribulation that follows. Jesus tells of cosmic signs at his second coming, including darkened skies and the sign of the Son of Man appearing. He emphasizes that heaven and earth will pass away but his words will remain, and the generation that sees these signs will not pass away until all is
The document discusses reinforcement learning algorithms. It introduces Q-learning and the Bellman equation. It describes policy gradient methods and how the policy gradient can be estimated using trajectories sampled from the policy. It also discusses actor-critic methods that use both a policy network and value network, with the policy network optimized using the policy gradient and value network optimized using a value-based loss.
This document is a product project report submitted by Meghna V. Vadariya for a paper napkin business. It includes details of the business such as the location justification in Junagadh, raw material sources, production capacity of 12,000 sheets per day, total capital investment of Rs. 34,02,900 with equal contributions from two partners, and projected profits of Rs. 6,05,630 in the first year. The 20 page report provides an overview of the proposed paper napkin business from concept to financial projections.
Presentation – I – NEW PERSPECTIVE ON TRADITIONAL TECHNICAL ANALYSIS PROBLEMS…Aniruddha Deshpande
The presentation provided an overview of traditional technical analysis tools and their common pitfalls. It then introduced Market Profile and Order Flow Analysis as alternative approaches. Specifically: 1) It reviewed tools like patterns, indicators, and moving averages and discussed frequent problems like false signals, unclear entry/exit levels, and curve fitting. 2) It then introduced Market Profile and described how it organizes price data and key concepts like balance vs imbalance. 3) Order Flow Analysis was also introduced, noting it analyzes buyer and seller activity levels to identify aggression and trends. Examples of both approaches were shown to illustrate how they help avoid pitfalls of traditional technical analysis.
JSON, by now, became a regular part of most applications and services. Do we, how ever, really want to transfer human readable information or are we looking for a binary protocol to be as debuggable as JSON? CBOR the Concise Binary Object Representation offers the best of JSON + an extremely efficient, binary representation. http://www.cbor.io
The document provides information on the management and nutrition of Lohmann Brown-Classic layers, including their breeding scheme, performance data, feeding recommendations, body weight development, and recommended nutrient levels for different feed types and production phases. Key points include egg production starting at 140-150 days, peak production of 93-95%, and recommended ad libitum feed supply to support the birds’ high performance potential and nutrient requirements.
3 Things Every Sales Team Needs to Be Thinking About in 2017Drift
Thinking about your sales team’s goals for 2017? Drift’s VP of Sales shares 3 things you can do to improve conversion rates and drive more revenue. Read the full story on the Drift blog here: http://blog.drift.com/sales-team-tips
EU: Jams, Jellies, Puree And Pastes – Market Report. Analysis And Forecast To…IndexBox Marketing
IndexBox Marketing has just published its report: “EU: Jams, Jellies, Puree And Pastes – Market Report. Analysis And Forecast To 2020”. This report focuses on the EU jam market, providing a comprehensive analysis and the most recent data on its market size and volume, EU trade, price dynamics, domestic production, and turnover in the industry. The market trends section reveals the main issues and uncertainties concerning the industry, while the medium-term outlook uncovers market prospects. The attractivity index (IB Index) summarizes the source of existing opportunities as they appear in this market, as well as an interpretation of the trade figures.
This document discusses syrups and elixirs. It defines syrups as concentrated aqueous preparations containing sugar or sugar substitutes, with or without flavoring or medicinal agents. Simple syrup is defined as an 85% w/v sucrose solution. Methods of syrup preparation include solution with heat, agitation, addition of sucrose to medicated/flavored liquids, and percolation. Syrups provide benefits like disguising taste and soothing throat tissues. Elixirs are sweetened hydro-alcoholic solutions, usually flavored, containing 10-12% alcohol for preservation. They are easier to administer than solids but contain alcohol. Both syrups and elixirs require storage below 30°C in tight, light
Boils are large, painful bumps under the skin caused by bacterial infections, usually by staphylococcus aureus. They form when hair follicles or oil glands become infected and inflamed. Symptoms include red, swollen skin around a hard lump with pain and fever. Poultices, which are soft moist masses applied to skin, are an effective home remedy for boils as they help draw out infection and promote healing without side effects. Common types of poultices used for boils include those made from lavender, cabbage, potato, onion, and fenugreek.
This document provides information about syrups and elixirs. It defines syrups as concentrated aqueous preparations containing sugar or sugar substitutes with or without flavoring agents and medicinal substances. Elixirs are sweetened, flavored, hydro-alcoholic solutions for oral use. The document discusses the types, components, preparation, and examples of both syrups and elixirs. It also provides a brief comparison of the key differences between syrups and elixirs.
This document discusses various types of stains that can occur on fabrics and methods for stain removal. It begins by defining stains and classifying them into categories like protein, tannin, oil, and dye stains. It then discusses stain identification and different techniques for stain removal like sponging, soaking, and flushing. It outlines various stain removers that can be used, including water, alkalis, acids, bleaching agents, and solvents. Precautions for using each type of remover are provided. The document concludes by discussing the processes of laundering and dry cleaning fabrics.
The document discusses various types of linens used in housekeeping, including bed linens, bath linens, table linens, and uniforms. It provides sizes and specifications for standard bed linens like sheets, pillowcases, blankets, and duvet covers. It also lists sizes for tablecloths and napkins. The document notes that housekeeping is responsible for uniforms and exchanges them for employees. Uniforms should allow comfort while working and identify hotel staff.
Various cleaning agents used in the housekeeping department of hotel and facility management companies. storage procedure of chemical and the MSDS /SDS of Chemical, Labeling procedure of chemicals were discussed in this presentation. Beginners can learn types of chemicals and the basic information of each chemicals
Topical emollients are creams, lotions, or ointments that contain ingredients that soothe and soften the skin. The word emollient means a preparation that softens the skin. Another name for an emollient is a moisturizer.
This document provides information about cleaning and various cleaning agents. It discusses why cleaning is important for prevention of disease and safety. It describes factors that influence cleaning standards like surface material and condition. Various types of cleaning agents are defined including water, acids, alkalis, polishes, soaps, detergents, and abrasives. The document explains how different cleaning agents work and criteria for selecting agents based on the job. Storage and inventory control of cleaning agents is also covered.
Limestone is a soft, porous stone that stains and etches easily. It requires gentle cleaning with pH-neutral products and immediate drying to avoid damage. The document provides a 6-step process for cleaning limestone: 1) vacuum to remove grit, 2) scrub with pH-neutral cleaner, 3) use a toothbrush for stains, 4) rinse and dry immediately, 5) consider steaming for embedded dirt, 6) reseal if needed. Frequent dry cleaning and protective mats can prevent stains.
This document discusses herbal ingredients used in oral care products. It provides an overview of common oral cavity diseases like tooth decay and periodontal diseases. It then lists several herbs like Acacia, Aloe vera, Psidium guajava, and Zingiber officinale that are used in oral care due to anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties. The document also discusses formulations of marketed oral care products containing herbal ingredients and methods to evaluate properties of toothpastes.
This document summarizes the properties and use of four different non-elastic impression materials: impression plaster, impression compound, impression waxes, and zinc oxide eugenol. Impression plaster is mixed with water or anti-expansion solution and sets in the mouth to create an impression. Impression compound is softened in warm water before seating in the mouth. Impression waxes are used to modify other impressions. Zinc oxide eugenol is a paste mixed in a 1:1 ratio and used in thin sections to take wash impressions. Each material has advantages like detail capture and disadvantages like dimensional stability.
United College of Hotel Management Identification & usage of chemicals by…UnitedCollegeHotelan
The document discusses various cleaning agents used for housekeeping, including detergents, acids, alkalis, solvents, disinfectants, deodorizers, and abrasives. It provides details on their uses, how to dilute them, and safety precautions. Specific cleaning agents mentioned include citric acid, sodium carbonate, bleach, methylated spirits, phenol, and naphthalene balls. Proper storage, labeling, and stock rotation of cleaning chemicals is also advised.
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Scouring is a process that removes natural and added impurities from textiles through the use of chemicals like alkalis and surfactants. It saponifies fats and waxes, breaks down proteins and pectins, and increases the textile’s absorptive capacity. The type of scouring agent used depends on the fiber and extent of impurities. Scouring emulsifies and saponifies impurities to solubilize and suspend them for removal, improving dyeability and finish performance.
The document discusses the history and constituents of soaps and detergents. It notes that soap making dates back to 1500 BC and involved combining plant/animal oils with alkaline salts. Modern synthetic detergents slowly replaced soaps and were first used for dishwashing and laundering fine fabrics. Soaps are made through saponification which involves heating oils/fats with lye, while detergents are made from petrochemicals. Both soaps and detergents work by forming micelles that emulsify oils and allow them to be rinsed away. While soaps are more eco-friendly, detergents work better in hard water. However, detergents pose health and environmental risks if certain regulations are
This document discusses soaps and detergents used for laundering and dry cleaning. It provides information on: – Laundering uses water to dissolve soils through agitation and higher temperatures. Dry cleaning uses solvents instead of water for delicate fabrics. – Common dry cleaning solvents include Stoddard, perchloroethylene, and valclene A. – Detergents contain surfactants and other additives to help remove soils from fabrics. They have a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end that attract soils and suspend them in wash water. – Detergents are widely used for cleaning textiles, dishes, surfaces and in agriculture and petroleum industries. They are available in powder,
This document provides natural remedies for removing stains from various surfaces without using environmentally harmful chemicals. It recommends using baking soda, toothpaste, lemon juice, vinegar, or white chalk to remove stains from clothes. For wood stains, it suggests baking soda, oil-based products like mayonnaise, or rubbing the stain with butter or petroleum jelly. For steel, it recommends sprinkling flour and buffing. And for ceramic, soaking in a solution of baking soda and vinegar can remove deeper stains.
This document discusses various types of cleaning agents. It describes water as the simplest cleaning agent and outlines some of its limitations, including high surface tension and inability to suspend soil or emulsify grease. Detergents overcome many of water’s limitations. The document also discusses abrasives, degreasers, acids, organic solvents, disinfectants, and various types of cleaners including all-purpose cleaners and speciality cleaners for surfaces like glass, bathrooms, and metals. It provides details on the chemical constituents of detergents including surfactants, builders, foaming agents, and others.
As a leading rheumatologist in Chandigarh, Dr. Aseem specializes in the diagnosis and management of a wide range of rheumatic conditions, including but not limited to: Rheumatoid Arthritis: An autoimmune disorder that causes chronic inflammation of the joints. Osteoarthritis: A degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of cartilage. Lupus: A systemic autoimmune disease that can affect the skin, joints, kidneys, and other organs. Ankylosing Spondylitis: A type of arthritis that primarily affects the spine, causing pain and stiffness. Gout: A form of arthritis characterized by sudden, severe attacks of pain, redness, and tenderness in the joints. Psoriatic Arthritis: A type of arthritis that affects some people with psoriasis. Vasculitis: An inflammation of the blood vessels that can cause a variety of symptoms. Sjogren’s Syndrome: An autoimmune disorder characterized by dry eyes and mouth. Accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment. Dr. Aseem Goyal utilizes advanced diagnostic techniques to identify the underlying causes of rheumatic conditions. Our state-of-the-art facility is equipped with the latest technology to provide comprehensive diagnostic services, including: Blood Tests: To check for markers of inflammation and autoimmune activity. Imaging Studies: Such as X-rays, MRI, and ultrasound to assess joint and soft tissue damage. Joint Fluid Analysis: To examine the fluid in the joints for signs of inflammation or infection. Biopsy: In certain cases, a small tissue sample may be taken for further examination. Treatment Approaches Dr. Aseem Goyal adopts a holistic and patient-centered approach to treatment. Depending on the specific condition and its severity, treatment options may include: Medications Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): To reduce inflammation and relieve pain. Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs): To slow the progression of rheumatic diseases. Biologic Agents: Targeted therapies that block specific pathways in the immune system. Corticosteroids: To control severe inflammation quickly.
HIV weakens the immune system, increasing the risk of TB in people with HIV. Infection with both HIV and TB is called HIV/TB coinfection. This presentation is an overview on “HIV-Tuberculosis Coinfection”
Co-Chairs, Hussein Tawbi, MD, PhD, and Prof. Christian Blank, MD, PhD, discuss melanoma in this CME activity titled “Deploying the Immune GAMBIT Against Melanoma: Guidance on Advances and Medical Breakthroughs With ImmunoTherapy.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/4edfNpE. CME credit will be available until July 5, 2025.
– Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/QeWTw_fYPlA – Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/fUWI9boFc7w – Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html – Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com – Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Principles of Cleaning Nonsurgical root canal treatment is a predictable method of retaining a tooth that otherwise would require extraction. Success of root canal treatment in a tooth with a vital pulp is higher than that of a tooth that is necrotic with periradicular pathosis. The difference is the persistent irritation of necrotic tissue remnants, and the inability to remove the microorganisms and their by-products. The most significant factors affecting this process are tooth anatomy and morphology, and the instruments and irrigants available for treatment. Instruments must contact and plane the canal walls to debride the canal. Morphologic factors such as lateral and accessory canals, canal curvatures, canal wall irregularities, fins, cul-de-sacs, and isthmuses make total debridement virtually impossible. Therefore the goal of cleaning not total elimination of the irritants but it is to reduce the irritants. Currently there are no reliable methods to assess cleaning. The presence of clean dentinal shavings, the color of the irrigant, and canal enlargement three file sizes beyond the first instrument to bind have been used to assess the adequacy; however, these do not correlate well with debridement. Obtaining glassy smooth walls is a preferred indicator. The properly prepared canals should feel smooth in all dimensions when the tip of a small file is pushed against the canal walls. This indicates that files have had contact and planed all accessible canal walls thereby maximizing debridement (recognizing that total debridement usually does not occur). Principles of Shaping The purpose of shaping is to 1) facilitate cleaning and 2) provide space for placing the obturating materials. The main objective of shaping is to maintain or develop a continuously tapering funnel from the canal orifice to the apex. This decreases procedural errors when cleaning and enlarging apically. The degree of enlargement is often dictated by the method of obturation. For lateral compaction of gutta percha the canal should be enlarged sufficiently to permit placement of the spreader to within 1-2 millimeters of the corrected working length. There is a correlation between the depth of spreader penetration and the apical seal.5 For warm vertical compaction techniques the coronal enlargement must permit the placement of the pluggers to within 3 to 5 mm of the corrected working length.6 As dentin is removed from the canal walls the root is weakened.7 The degree of shaping is determined by the preoperative root dimension, the obturation technique, and the restorative treatment plan. Narrow thin roots such as the mandibular incisors cannot be enlarged to the same degree as more bulky roots such as the maxillary central incisors. Post placement is also a determining factor in the amount of coronal dentin removal.
This document contains an overview of different types of ocular neoplastic disorders or ocular tumors among pediatric patients. you can have a quick basic concept about ocular tumors among children and a basic management strategy. You will have perfect idea about almost 8 ocular tumors among pediatric patients .
These are the class of Drugs that are used to treat and prevent cardiac arrhythmias by blocking ion channels involved in cardiac impulse generation and conduction. Class I drugs like quinidine and procainamide block sodium channels to prolong the action potential duration, while Class IB drugs like lignocaine shorten repolarization. Class III drugs like amiodarone block potassium channels to prolong the action potential. Calcium channel blockers like verapamil inhibit calcium influx. Other drugs include adenosine for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, beta blockers for supraventricular arrhythmias, and atropine for bradycardias. Adverse effects vary between drugs but include arrhythmias, heart block and QT prolong
This presentation, given by Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology, delves into the foundational concepts of general endocrinology. It covers the various types of chemical messengers in the body, including neuroendocrine hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines, and traditional hormones. Dr. Faiza explains how these messengers are secreted and their modes of action, distinguishing between autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine effects. The presentation provides detailed examples of glands and specialized cells involved in hormone secretion, such as the pituitary gland, pancreas, parathyroid gland, adrenal medulla, thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, ovaries, and testis. It outlines the special features of hormones, differentiating between peptides and proteins based on their amino acid composition. Key principles of endocrinology are discussed, including hormone secretion in response to stimuli, the duration of hormone action, hormone concentrations in the blood, and secretion rates. Dr. Faiza highlights the importance of feedback control in hormone secretion, the occurrence of hormonal surges due to positive feedback, and the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus as the master clock regulating rhythmic patterns in biological clocks of neuroendocrine cells and endocrine glands. The presentation also addresses the metabolic clearance of hormones from the blood, explaining the mechanisms involved, such as metabolic destruction by tissues, binding with tissues, and excretion by the liver and kidneys. The differences in half-life between hydrophilic and hydrophobic hormones are explored. The mechanism of hormone action is thoroughly covered, detailing hormone receptors located on the cell membrane, in the cell cytoplasm, and in the cell nucleus. The processes of upregulation and downregulation of receptors are explained, along with various types of hormone receptors, including ligand-gated ion channels, G protein–linked hormone receptors, and enzyme-linked hormone receptors. The presentation elaborates on second messenger systems such as adenylyl cyclase, cell membrane phospholipid systems, and calcium-calmodulin linked systems. Finally, the methods for measuring hormone concentrations in the blood, such as radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), are discussed, providing a comprehensive understanding of the tools used in endocrinology research and clinical practice.
Introduction of mental health nursing, Perspective of mental health and mental health nursing, Evolution of mental health services, treatment and nursing practices Mental health team, Nature and scope of mental health nursing, Role & function of mental health nurse inn various settings and factors affecting the level of nursing practice, concept of normal and abnormal behavior
MALE CIRCUMCISION consists of the surgical act of removing the foreskin (skin that covers the glans of the penis), leaving the glans more prominent and better cleanable. MALE CIRCUMCISION itself has medical as well as sociocultural implications, as it has been proven to be an act that can minimize SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STIs), especially HIV, but it also represents the SOCIOCULTURAL IDENTITY of some people, respectively. Now, in a SERO-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PROFILE like that of Mozambique where the prevalence of HIV is around 12.5% which corresponds to approximately 2 million people living with HIV, where the province of GAZA is the most seroprevalent with a positivity rate of 21% (INSIDA, 2021), it is extremely necessary to THOROUGHLY scrutinize all possibilities for preventing or minimizing the spread of HIV and other STIs.
principles underlying microarray technology, explores the various types of mi…bniranjan0010
This PowerPoint presentation is designed to help students gain a comprehensive understanding of microarrays. It delves into the fundamental principles underlying microarray technology, explores the various types of microarrays, and provides a detailed overview of the procedures involved in their use. Additionally, the presentation examines the advantages and disadvantages of microarrays, offering a balanced perspective on their utility. Finally, it highlights the wide range of applications for microarray technology, showcasing its significance in various scientific and medical fields.
principles underlying microarray technology, explores the various types of mi…
Poultices
3. POULTICES A Poultice is a soft , moist mass that is spread on a cloth and than applied on the skin to treat various ailments. Ailments such as insect bites , arthritis , boils , infections and more …… It is also called CATAPLASM
4. FORMATION OF POULTICES A homemade poultice is made by mashing herbs , plant material , or another substance with warm or natural oils to make a paste. The paste is applied directly on skin and covered with a piece of clean cloth.
5. TYPES OF POUTICES Some major types of poultices are ; Onion poultice Potato poultice Mustard poultice Plantain poultice Comfrey poultice Tumeric poultice
8. STAIN REMOVAL FROM STONES Greas gather in marble pores can be removed by poultices Poultices for removing stains are made from a malleable mass of a porous material ( paper , whiting , diatomaceous earth flour , limestone ) filled with a solvent which can be applied to surface of stone . Solvent used are ammonia , acetone , alcohol , peroxide.
10. HORSE POULTICE A poultice is a common treatment used on horse to relieve inflammation. Poultice is sometimes applied
11. Poultice Composition Advantages Disadvantages CELLULOSE FIBERS Ph neutralizer Flexible , soft High water absorption Low stability Risk of mold formation Bentonite , kaolin , mixed with cellulose High water retention capacity neutralizer Risk of white residues on skin Become hard Clays ( no specification ) High water retention capaicity Extremely hard Increased ph values Cellulose mixture with high water content With good quality sands ph neutral Properties very difficult to handle Low stability
13. QUALITY REQUIREMENTS OF POULTICES Poultice must not contain soluble salts The ready to use mixture should have a ph value of 6- 10 maximum at 25 temp. Poultice mixture should be easy to apply, It should adhere well Poultice mixture should be free from dyes or colouring agents After treatment it should be possible to remove the poultice without leaving any residues
14. The application of a poutice should be repeated several times however after the second application its effectiveness is significantly reduced
15. DESALINATION POULTICES For water bath desalination the success of the treatment depends on the pore structure the kind of salts and salt forming ions present and there distribution , and should be controlled through analysis
